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TermData

Combolist

A list of username or email and password pairs, mostly used in credential stuffing attacks.

Flow

  1. 1Sources are collected
  2. 2The list is built
  3. 3Tried
Related families
—
MITRE ATT&CK
T1110.004 · Credential Stuffing
Sources
5 sources
01

Overview

Troy Hunt explains a “combo” as a combination of usernames (usually email addresses) and passwords; these lists are tried against other services with automated tools. Troy Hunt

According to OWASP, credential stuffing is trying breached username and password pairs on other sites; it works because users reuse the same password. OWASP

02

How it works

  1. 1

    Sources are collected

    Username and password pairs are extracted from breaches, phishing and infostealer logs. OWASP

  2. 2

    The list is built

    Pairs are combined by topic or service. Troy Hunt

  3. 3

    Tried

    Automated tools try the list on many sites. MITRE ATT&CK

03

Real-world examples

Collection #1

Collection #1, examined by Troy Hunt, consisted of more than 12,000 files and over 87 GB of data, containing about 2.7 billion username and password pairs usable for credential stuffing. Troy Hunt

ALIEN TXTBASE

The ALIEN TXTBASE logs added to Have I Been Pwned contained 23 billion rows and 493 million unique website and email pairs, affecting 284 million unique email addresses. Troy Hunt

04

How to detect it

  • Failed sign-in attempts against many different accounts from a small number of sources within a short time. OWASP
05

What to do

  • Use multi-factor authentication; reject breached passwords at sign-in. OWASP
06

MITRE ATT&CK

07

Related terms

08

Sources

  1. 1Credential Stuffing (T1110.004) · MITRE ATT&CK
  2. 2The 773 Million Record "Collection #1" Data Breach · Troy Hunt, 2019-01-17
  3. 3Processing 23 Billion Rows of ALIEN TXTBASE Stealer Logs · Troy Hunt, 2025-02-26
  4. 4Credential stuffing · OWASP
  5. 5Credential Stuffing Prevention Cheat Sheet · OWASP