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TermAttack

MFA bypass

Methods of accessing an account protected by multi-factor authentication without passing the second factor, or by tricking the user.

Flow

  1. 1Push bombing
  2. 2Code interception
  3. 3Session theft
Related families
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MITRE ATT&CK
T1111 · Multi-Factor Authentication Interception
Sources
7 sources
01

Overview

According to CISA, some forms of multi-factor authentication are vulnerable to phishing, push bombing, SS7 vulnerabilities and SIM swap attacks; phishing-resistant methods are the most secure form. CISA

With infostealers, the most common route is never triggering verification at all: a stolen session cookie was created after sign-in, so it carries a session that has already passed the second factor. Google Chromium

02

How it works

  1. 1

    Push bombing

    The attacker repeatedly attempts to sign in, flooding the user with approval notifications until the user accepts. MITRE ATT&CK

  2. 2

    Code interception

    One-time codes or hardware token input are captured through keylogging or interception. MITRE ATT&CK

  3. 3

    Session theft

    The session cookie created after sign-in is used; verification is never requested. MITRE ATT&CK

03

Real-world examples

Scattered Spider: notifications until approval

According to MITRE ATT&CK, during campaign C0027 Scattered Spider kept sending multi-factor authentication messages until the victim accepted. MITRE ATT&CK

Snowflake: no second factor

According to Mandiant, multi-factor authentication was not enabled on the compromised Snowflake accounts; the stolen password was enough on its own. Google Cloud (Mandiant)

04

How to detect it

  • An approval following a series of rejected approval notifications in a short time. MITRE ATT&CK
  • A session continuing from a new device or location without a verification step. MITRE ATT&CK
05

What to do

  • Move to phishing-resistant multi-factor authentication (FIDO2 / security keys). CISA
  • Replace simple push or one-click approval with more secure verification methods. MITRE ATT&CK
06

MITRE ATT&CK

07

Related terms

08

Sources

  1. 1Multi-Factor Authentication Interception (T1111) · MITRE ATT&CK
  2. 2Multi-Factor Authentication Request Generation (T1621) · MITRE ATT&CK
  3. 3Web Session Cookie (T1550.004) · MITRE ATT&CK
  4. 4Implementing Phishing-Resistant MFA · CISA, 2022-10
  5. 5Fighting cookie theft using device bound sessions · Google Chromium, 2024-04-02
  6. 6UNC5537 targets Snowflake customer instances · Google Cloud (Mandiant), 2024
  7. 7Multi-factor Authentication (M1032) · MITRE ATT&CK